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\n\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f<\/p>\n
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\n (\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0646\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 ) \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 <\/p>\n
\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a )<\/p>\n
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\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a )<\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0644: \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
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\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 (946- \u0628\u0639\u062f 1000\u0647\u0640\/ 1539- 1592\u0645): \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064d\u060c \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647: (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631)\u060c \u0648(\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0648(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629)([4]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (978-1067\u0647\u0640\/1570- 1657\u0645): \u0642\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062c \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1050\u0647\u0640)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a([5]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (1076-1177\u0647\u0640\/1665-1763\u0645): \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645([6]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0648\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 (1135 \u2013 1205 \u0647\u0640\/1722 \u2013 1791\u0645): \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0632\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1187\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062a([7]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 (1132-1214\u0647\u0640\/1719-1799\u0645): \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 ([8]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (1140- 1237\u0647\u0640\/1727- 1822\u0645): \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u064b([9]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1302\u0647\u0640\/ 1884\u0645): \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0631([10]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 (1233- 1282\u0647\u0640\/ 1817- 1865\u0645): \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1250\u0647\u0640) ([11]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647: \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1296\u0647\u0640\/1879\u0645): \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a (\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629)\u060c \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0629([12]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a: (1233-1282\u0647\u0640\/1817-1865\u0645): \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631([13]).<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f (- 1335\u0647\u0640\/1916\u0645): \u062a\u0642\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0622\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 (13\u0647\u0640) \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f
\n(- 1370\u0647\u0640\/1950\u0645): \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1920\u060c 1923\u060c 1924\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1936\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (25\/3 \u2013 19\/8\/1943\u0645)\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a ([14]).<\/p>\n
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\n\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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